Monday 1 June 2015

unit 27 assignent 2 : documentary structure/research diary/ production folder

the women in film documentary will offer an overview of the portrayal of women in films from the past, present and also give some opinions about the future. in order to do that it has been divided into different structural parts that will make the whole project come together nicely.

Documentary structure.

step 1

The documentary will begin with the very first skit:
  • the skit is a famous scene from a popular film which has a weak female character, as we know most female characters in films serve the purpose of being the love interest, damsel in distress and so on: as the scene plays the presenter will interrupt the scene and introduce the docuementary.
the transition of the documentary will then play: it will be made of clips ,a soundtrack and some effects. it will last a good 10 seconds or 20.

step 2

the presenter will then will give facts , information and general overview of how women are typically portrayed in movies based on past movies, studies and facts.
  • during this segment clips from past films will be played, quotes from directors, actors, books will appear, and also stills from films to support the facts that will be given by the presenter.
  • we will then see interviews of specialists who studies women studies, film studies, acting and more talks about the portrayal of women in films, whats wrong with them and their opinion on the matter.
 the transition of the documentary will then play: it will be made of clips ,a soundtrack and some effects. it will last a good 10 seconds or 20.

step 3
the second skit will be shown:
  • the skit is the presenter walking down a street whiles talking about strong and weak female characters. as he does so he runs into some bad men who wish him harm. he then gets saved by a mysterious girl who then disappears. the skit will serve as an intro to the segment of the documentary that celebrates the latest strong female characters of the past year.
 the transition of the documentary will then play: it will be made of clips ,a soundtrack and some effects. it will last a good 10 seconds or 20.
  • the presenter will appears again and begin to shed some light to best female characters of the past year. these characters will be characters who are critically aclaimed and basically the best of the best. in order to find the, they will be picked from the best film award show there is which is the academy awards, the bafta awards, critics choice awards... 
as those characters are introduced: clips , film names, scenes will be played and stills of those films will be shown to support the facts.
  • interviews  will then be shown from the public members, they will be talking about their favouritte film characters, they will be asked if they think we are starting to see more strong female characters or if we are still far off.
  • they will be asked to talk about the importance of strong female characters, the importance of genderless characters.
  • clips of quotes from directors and actors will be shown.
 the presenter will then appear again and conclude the documentary.
a tribute to women in film will be shown and the documentary will end.


research

research of the representation of women from the past and general overview

quotes from the book : feminist film studies: a teachers guide.

"it should be fairly clear that women have historically functioned within mainstream cinema as the following: victim, girlfriend, damsel in distress, angelic mother, whore, sexual object, erotic distraction, femme fatale/monster, castrating mother."

" looking at the list above, we see that the stereotypical role of the female in the traditional hollywood film has not been that of an agent. she does not drive the narrative, nor is she involved in changing the storyline. as sarah gilligan says " her role within the film is to look good and to make the male protagonist look even better."

" women are rarely cast in position power, and when they are, they are punished for their power...woman's traditional role is to be helpless, need rescuing or agree with the actions and decisions of the male protagonist'.

"there shoul be a women but not much of one. a good horse is much more important"-max brand in avni,2005,alternet

"feminist critics point out that these cinematic representatio are mediated through the eyes anddesires of the male director."
  • this fact brought the question in mind, could it be that the reason behind the lack of strong female characters be the lack of women in the behind the scenes roles in the industry? , these were the answers to my question: 
 " in her study of employment figures fro behind the scenes women working on the top 250 domestic grossing films in 2004, Dr Martha M. Lauzen of san diego state university found that 21% of the films employed no women directors, executive producers, producers, writers, cinematographers or editors. yet not a single one of the top 250 domestic grossing films in 2004 failed to employ a man in atleast one of these roles. the study also found that women comprised only 5% of all directors working on top 250 films of 2004. this represents a decline of 6 percentage points since 2000 when women accounted for 11% of all directors. women accounted for only 12% writers working on the top 250 films of 2004. in addition, female actors generally earns less than male actors. "- feminist film studies: a teachers guide.

"the majority of directors in hollywood are male and the majority of producers are male. this probably hods true in cinemas around the world. the movies that get publicity budget are made within male genres- blockbusters, war, science fiction or thrillers. these films seem to feature a central male characters who is facing a male villain, and has a male best friend ( who often gets killed by the villain in the peultimate reel, justifying the hero's killing of the villain). the female characters are there to titillate, to be in distress and rescued, and occasionally to guarantee the heterosexuality of the hero. " butler,2002, page42


  • with all that information found it all became clear, there is a significant lack of female personels behind the scenes in the film world. if they were it would be their responsability to create the strong female characters they long for. actress sarah silverman raised her view when she said that she looks to women to create strong female characters 
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzE7GJBoweE

    this is was proven to be true when just this year actress reese witherspoon talked of her anger with the lack of strong , complex interesting female characters, so she started a production company and her two first films gone girl and wild had one of the two strong female characters we've had in that past years " Amy Elliot dune" gone girl and "cheryl strayed"- wild. information found from her interview at the hollywood reporters actress round table interview https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jaWzNu8Buo&spfreload=10  ,



information from the variety website about reese witherspoon
http://variety.com/2014/film/features/reese-witherspoon-production-company-female-driven-material-1201323117/

Reese witherspoon launched a production company called pacific standard with australian producer bruna pampadrea.
  • In a series of top-level meetings Reese Witherspoon had with studio executives in 2012, she grew increasingly frustrated by the answers she got to her question, ‘What are you developing for women?’”
"As one might imagine, it was slim pickings. “I think it was literally one studio that had a project for a female lead over 30,” the actress recalls. “And I thought to myself, ‘I’ve got to get busy.’ ” - reese witherspoon.
  “My daughter was 13, and I wanted her to see movies with female leads and heroes and life stories,” Witherspoon says. “I called my agent and said, ‘I need a producing partner, and I really want someone who is well-liked, has development experience and on-set experience.’ And that’s a tall order.”- reese witherspoon.

Papandrea, who recently shepherded the Summit hit “Warm Bodies” to the bigscreen, and whose other credits include the Oscar-winning “Milk” and “All Good Things,” fit the profile. The two had crossed paths socially, and Witherspoon reached out to set up a business lunch, which essentially became the best blind date ever. “I knew immediately,” Witherspoon says. “She had a great attitude, her track record with material is fantastic, and she reads as voraciously as I do.”

 “We share the same goal in terms of focusing primarily on developing roles for women,” Papandrea says. “And we are open to all genres at this company. What attracts us is character and a funny, unique voice, regardless of genre.” Echoes Witherspoon, “We just want to see different, dynamic women on film.”

  • this research has brought to my attention that manly the reason behind the lac of strong female chaacters is because the industry is male dominated. some male directors such as david cameroon, joss wheedon, david o' russel are known for their strong female characters but not all male directors are that way. strong female characters will be seeing a lot more when women such as reese witherspoon and bruna pampadrea decides to take action and do something about it. maybe women can't sit down and complain of the lack of strong female characters maybe it is their job to do something about it? there is more to be learned. 
research from IMD : women in films over the years

How has the representation of women changed in movies?

1920s
This period bought in change in the social reform of women in the United States. Women were legislated the right to vote due to the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution. This led to women’s suffrage movement helping women to escape from the out dated way of living. These changes didn’t only give women new rights but it also gave a new sense of freedom. During this time in the media women’s new role was portrayed in movies particularly by a new industry called motion pictures. “The motion picture industry not only depicted what as going on in the lives of women at the time; it also trained women in new fashions and social roles that were being promoted at the time” (Women, Film and the 1920s).

"Movies during the 1920s depicted what a new “modern” woman should be and served as an instructional manual for young women of the time” (Women, Film and the 1920s). Young women of the 1920s looked, dressed, and acted different than their conservative Victorian mothers after viewing popular movie stars of their era (Women, Film and the 1920s). Women began to move away from classic long hair and conservatively dressed appearance. Short “bobs” became a popular hairstyle with women along with wearing make up to appear more attractive (Women, Film and the 1920s). Women began to dress more revealing by shortening their skirts and dresses. One actress, Gloria Swanson, was a strong influence on this fashion change. She appears in several movies wearing a skirt cut just above the knee, a look that she helped make popular during this period. Movie stars, like Swanson, became the idols of many women, causing them to copy their style.
Along with Gloria Swanson, actresses such as Clara Bow, also had short hair and wore heavy make up. “Women now sought to use cosmetics to recreate the faces of the celebrities of the films”(Women, Film and the 1920s). Because movies were so popular amongst women in the 1920s, they were the ones being directly targeted. “A Photoplay article in 1924 suggests that 75 percent of the audiences were women, and in 1927 Moving Pictures World stated that 83 percent of the audiences were women” (Studlar). The movies portrayed these women as glamorous beauties with newly formed fashions and lifestyles. The photos of the two actresses give off the idea that these women are independent, attractive, and stylish.

Women in the movies of the 1920s demonstrated how a modern woman should behave. Women in the movies were seen as progressive individuals with far more independence. This behaviour impacted women of the 1920s, and they wanted to be like their favourite movie stars. This was true even before talking films were made. For example, the movies depicted new freedoms for women such as drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes in public, dancing more provocatively, and going into the workforce (Women, Film and the 1920s). These new carefree women were often refereed to as “Flappers.” You would find images of Flappers in the silent films of the 1920s. Notice the woman has shorter hair and a shorter dress for this period. We can see from the images seen in movies from the 1920s that the Flappers were smoking and drinking in public to prove that they no longer had to be proper; they were challenging traditional moral standards, just like the movie stars. New dances were also invented to better suit the progressive women. Women in the movies performed these dances, such as the Charleston, and the women viewers quickly jumped on board. Women in the 1920s were also portrayed in movies as moving into the workforce. Actresses were seen playing roles such as secretaries, sales clerks, and typists. “The American Film Institute Catalog lists 49 sale clerks, 28 stenographers, and no less than 114 secretaries who appeared on the screen between 1921 and 1930. These films tended to glorify these professions…” (Women, Film and the 1920s). Women who saw these movies were influenced; they found new confidence to seek careers of their own and gained financial independence. The movie, "Bertha the Sewing Machine Girl" (1926), demonstrated just this. In the movie the woman worked her way up from having a factory job, to being a telephone operator, to becoming a model and lastly become a fashion designer. From a historical perspective this was a positive influence of movies in the 1920s because they encouraged women to become independent and successful for themselves. This era of movies was one that brought women into a new light, portraying them as independent, unique individuals, and inspiring them to become more independent and glamorous.

1940s
This era brought a closing to World War II. Men were returning home to their wives, and starting families. “After four years of wartime instability, both women and men seemed to want to return to a patriarchal order, with women in the home” (Banner 137). During the 40’s and 50’s, women stayed at home with the family while men in most cases were the wage earners. This stereotypical image was also presented by the media, in particular the movies. “The women who were featured were limited to family roles. Women were shown doing housework and men were the beneficiaries of their work. On the other hand, men were employed, had careers, and were doing something outside the home” (Stupor). For example, the movie "Picnic" made in 1956 involves a schoolteacher who is desperate for marriage so that she can feel secure with a man. The female in the film is portrayed as weak because it is implied that she is not capable of being independent and needs a man to allow her to feel secure with herself. Many women of that time felt just like the woman in the film. The media and movie influence was that marriage should be a priority, and that caring for the family came along with the marriage.

1950s
“Many have claimed that pictures in the 1950s reaffirmed male dominance and female subservience, that women's roles were confined to sex role stereotypes of pretty, amusing or child-like” (Rose). Male dominance in movies reinforced male dominance in real life. For example, in the movie, "The African Queen", a woman missionary, played by Katherine Hepburn, in Africa during WWI is force to leave her base after her village is destroyed. She runs into a male Canadian supplier, played by Humphrey Bogart, who offers to guide her to civilization, but she wants to travel down the river to sink a German cruiser instead (Reel Classics). The male is the dominant character, and refuses to let her go through with such a dangerous procedure. This movie sends the message that women should not be independent, should not lead, and cannot be successful without the help of a man.
As you can see, there is obvious danger in the background while the man is rescuing the beautiful woman. This example of male dominance was common in the movies and imitated by society during this era. As a result, women during this time were mainly housewives and lacked motivation to go into the workforce. The media, especially movies, reinforced the message to women that they should be highly dependent on the male. During this era, it seems that the depiction of women in the movies slowed the pace of progress and returned them to a more conservative role.




Present

In the era we live in today with the increasing popularity of movies and availability of movies at home, the way that women are portrayed in the media and movies continue to have a significant impact on roles, fashion, and behavior. Women today are generally portrayed in a variety of roles ranging from “sex objects” to dominators, often in the same movie. Additionally, women today are being portrayed as serious professional women. For example, in the movie "Tomb Raider", Angelina Jolie is on a mission to retrieve an ancient metallic triangle that found in a tomb chamber, the typical action movie. However, the plot synopsis, when describing Jolie’s character, says otherwise.

“She is everything you could wish her to be – cool, but oh so hot and totally in control, ready to save the universe. Her soft whimsical sighs reinforce her femininity and vulnerability. She is her own woman: sexy, confident, a dare devil and a tomboy but still a lady, in essence as well as name. And Angelina Jolie embodies the cartoon-like character with curvaceous abandon and extraordinary grace, athleticism, style and charisma. She is fabulous to watch – sexy, sassy and without question, all woman” (IMDb).
The media is unveiling the message to the viewers that the woman in this movie is sexually appealing, and therefore will get more viewers. Women, who see the movie or read the synopsis, get the impression that they must be “sexy” and “feminine” regardless of any circumstance.
In opposition of this claim, in our era there are also movies that show women as real people, not sex objects. For example, in the movie "The Silence of the Lambs", the main female character, Clarice Starling, is portrayed very differently from the Angelina Jolie’s character in "Tomb Raider." “She is intelligent, independent, career-oriented, and has an engaging personality. Furthermore, the film lacks a conventional romantic subplot even though it establishes the expectation of one when Starling is assigned to work with an older male agent” (229). In the movie, she rejects any male passes, wears conservative apparel, and is very successful in her career. A movie such as this one sends women the message that it is acceptable to be a serious professional focused on your work without having to be glamorous or sexy to achieve their goals.
One issue with today’s movies is the increasing pressure on women to be thin, because most female movie stars appear that way. It is very rare that we see women in the movies appear as “normal size.” This may be why the majority of women who compare themselves to the thin movie stars they see in the movies are not happy with their body image. Actresses such as Jennifer Aniston and Mischa Barton are prime examples. Because of this, eating disorders have become common in young women today. “Research suggests that about one percent (1%) of female adolescents have anorexia. That means that about one out of every one hundred young women between ten and twenty are starving themselves, sometimes to death” (ANRED). This has in my opinion had an extremely negative impact on young women of today. Movies in the present era have shown women to be both progressive and independent, yet still in a sense, inferior to men.



Study: Female Directors Face Strong Bias in Landing Studio Films

http://variety.com/2015/film/news/female-directors-study-sundance-institute-women-in-film-1201477330/ 

“Having completed this three-year study, we have accomplished a thorough analysis of this issue and now know that female filmmakers face deep-rooted presumptions from the film industry about their creative qualifications, sensibilities, tendencies and ambitions,” said Cathy Schulman, president of Women in Film Los Angeles. “Now we need to move a heavy boat through deep waters, and WIF is committed to year-round action until sustainable gender parity is achieved.”
  • this study supported the research i did earlier which was on the roles of women behind the camera. if female directors face such obstacles in making their moves then maybe that is why we may not see many strong female characters because women arent given the opportunity to go and make them, they aren't given a fair chance to create characters that represents their gender in a positive way? more is to be learnt.

Clips found

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VT291u6-w0
joss wheedon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85fOBKtfhaM
joss wheedon speech

  • In both clips joss wheedon explains his feeling towards strong female characters, and gender equality. he is one of the directors known for their strong female characters such as buffy, black widow and more.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy3uPY4yWnk
cast of divergent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzj7aXxDm6I
natalie dormer
  • during the press junket of their films insurgent and the hunger games , natalie dormer and the cast of insurgent talks about their roles which are strong female characters, they also explain why they like the roles and where they think the industry is going with such roles. these clips will definitely make it in the documentary. 
 david o'russel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGUSFRx6P5Q&spfreload=10
  • in this interview director David o'russel explains his characters which are play by actors Amy Adams and Christian Bale in american hustle. known for his love of strong female characters he says  "it's essential that the women be as fears and as indelible and as strong as the men if not stronger in many respects" this clip will definitely be used to support the fact that there are some male directors who do indeed show justice to women in films and create great characters for them.

women in film noir essay & research
http://www.filmnoirstudies.com/essays/progressive.asp
 https://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/2010/08/05/women-in-film-noir-i/


the oscars information was found on a recording on the academy awards i have on my laptop.
Oscars 2015.

Best picture

WINNER: Birdman
American Sniper
Boyhood
The Imitation Game
The Grand Budapest Hotel
Selma
The Theory of Everything
Whiplash


WINNER: Patricia Arquette for Boyhood
Laura Dern for Wild
Keira Knightley for The Imitation Game
Emma Stone for Birdman
Meryl Streep for Into the Woods

i looked at these categories to see what women gave amazing portrayals in the last year and which movies were considered the best movies of the year and also did they have great female characters in them? this research was done for a montage at the end of our documentary that'll serve as a honorary montage to women in films of 2014-2015.

clips from youtube.  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VT291u6-w0
joss wheedon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85fOBKtfhaM
joss wheedon speech

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzE7GJBoweE
sarah silverman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy3uPY4yWnk
cast of divergent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzj7aXxDm6I
natalie dormer
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjAx6ip13vw
top feminist moments at the 2015 golden globes.

quotes from books:


For Berger these images record the inequality of gender relations and a sexualization of the female image that remains culturally central today. They reassure men of their sexual power and at the same moment deny any sexuality of women other than the male construction. They are evidence of gendered difference… because any effort to replace the woman in these images with a man violates ‘the assumptions of the likely viewer’ (Berger, 1972: 64). That is, it does not fit with expectations but transgresses them and so seems wrong.
[Wykes and Barrie Gunter (pp. 38-39)]


 The male gaze in advertising is actually a fairly well-studied topic, and it — rather than film — is often what comes to mind when the term is invoked. This is because, more than just being an object of a gaze, the woman in the advertisement becomes what’s being bought and sold: “The message though was always the same: buy the product, get the girl; or buy the product to get to be like the girl so you can get your man” in other words, “‘Buy’ the image, ‘get’ the woman” (Wykes, p. 41).



during our films footage from various films will be shown, films such as:


  • transformers
  • avengers age of ultron
  • brave
  • double indemnity
  • wild
  • gone girl
  • the theory of everything
  • pirates of the Caribbean
  • the hobbit: battle of the five armies
  • fight club
  • the fault in our stars
  • insurgent
  • divergent
  • the hunger games: mocking jay
  • 300: rise of an empire
  • kick ass
  • resident evil
  • salt
  • changeline 
  • frozen
  • district nine
  • elysium
  • lucy
  • sin city
  • sin city: a dame to kill for
  • harry porter: prisoner of ascaban 
  • snow white and the huntsman
  • red 2
  • columbiana
  • alien
  • avatar
  • fast and furious 7
  • edge of tomorrow
  • x-men: days of future past
  • total recall
  • the dark knight rises
  • thor: the dark world
clips from these films will be used during the montage or even during the documentary of the script to supports facts from the scripts and also celebrate the female characters that are found in them.  

Production folder
 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1A3GxxFxU7xaCdlRbtYP0LGrJHdtBmeKJmn8p448ishA&authuser=0


i certify this work as my own